Effect of ImmuPlus on Growth and Inflammatory Response to Fruend’s Complete Adjuvant in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.)

The effect of 2 dosages (1.5 and 3.0%) of ImmuPlus, a polyherbal immunomodulator, was tested on growth and inflammatory response to Fruend&#8217;s complete adjuvant (FCA) in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The growth study was carried out for 120 days in nine 25 m2 outdoor cement tanks by feeding triplicate groups of 40 common carp fry (av. wt. 0.4±0.03 g) with a control (T0 without ImmuPlus) and two test diets (T1 and T2 with 1.5 and 3.0% ImmuPlus respectively). At the end of the growth experiment, 20 fish from each of these were used for evaluating the inflammatory response to FCA. The final weight gain of fish fed the test diets was significantly (P<0.05) higher, there being no difference between the two treatments. Specific growth rate of treated fish showed a significant increase (P<0.05) over that of the control fish. Supplementation of diet with ImmuPlus improved (P<0.05) survival of fish. Protein content of fish carcass was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the fish receiving the two test diets, while fat content was higher (P<0.05) only in fish from T2 treatment. Enhanced (P<0.05) protease and amylase activity was found in the treated fish. Even though there were no marked differences in the overall inflammatory response between the control and treated fish following FCA administration, recovery was faster in the latter, with stronger encapsulation of the adjuvant droplets. The results reflect the ability of Immuplus to promote growth and improve inflammatory response when administered through diet.

___

Anderson, D.P. 1992. Immunostimulants, adjuvants and vaccine carriers in fish: Applications to aquaculture. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 2: 281-307. doi: 10.1016/0959-8030(92)90067-8

Anderson, C.D. and Roberts, R.J. 1975. A comparison of the effects of temperature on wound healing in a tropical and temperate teleost. Journal of Fish Biology, 7: 173-182. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1975.tb04588.x

AOAC, 1995. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, P.A. Cunniff (Ed.), AOAC International, 16th Ed., Arlington, USA.

APHA/AWWA/WEF, 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., Eaton, A.D. (Eds.), American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC, USA.

Bier, M. 1962. Lipases. In: S.P. Colowick and N.O. Kaplan, (Eds.), Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, New York: 627-642.

Bricknell, I. and Dalmo, R.A. 2005. The use of immunostimulants in fish larval aquaculture. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 19: 457-472. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.03.008

Bullock, A.M. 1989. Laboratory methods-Histopathology. In: R.J. Roberts (Ed.), Fish Pathology, Bailliere Tindall, London: 374-384.

Christybapita, D., Divyagnaneswari, M. and Michael, R.D. 2007. Oral administration of Eclipta alba leaf aqueous extract enhances the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 23: 840-852. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.03.010

Devasagayam, T.P.A. and Sainis, K.B. 2002. Immune system and antioxidants, especially those derived from Indian medicinal plants. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 40: 639-655.

Divyagnaneswari, M., Christybapita, D. and Michael, R.D. 2007. Enhancement of non-specific immunity and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus by Solanum trilobatum leaf fractions. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 23: 249-259. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.09.015

Dügenci, S.K., Arda, N. and Candan, A. 2003. Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 88: 99-106. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00182-X

Finn, J.P. and Nielson, N.O. 1971. The effect of temperature variation on the inflammatory response of rainbow trout. The Journal of Pathology, 105: 257-268. doi: 10.1002/path.1711050404

Gannam, A.L. and Schrock, R.M. 1999. Immunostimulants in fish diets. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 9: 53-89. doi: 10.1300/J028v09n04_06

Hardie, L.J., Fletcher, T.C. and Secombes, C.J. 1991. The effect of dietary vitamin C on the immune response of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture, 95: 201-214. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(91)90087-N

Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C., Dharaneedharan, S., Moon, Y.G., Kim, M.C., Kim, J.S. and Heo, M.S. 2009. Effect of plant active compounds on immune response and disease resistance in Cirrhina mrigala infected with fungal fish pathogen, Aphanomyces invadans. Aquaculture Research, 40: 1170-1181. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02213.x

Hastings, W.H. 1976. Fish nutrition and feed manufacture. Paper presented at FAO Technical Conference on Aquaculture, Kyoto, Japan. FIR: Aq/conf/76/R.23:1-13.

Jaya Kumari, Sahoo, P.K. and Giri, S.S. 2007. Effects of polyherbal formulation ImmuPlus´on immunity and disease resistance of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita at different stages of growth. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 45: 291-298.

Jayaram, M.G. and Shetty, H.P.C. 1981. Formulation, processing and water stability of two pelleted fish feeds. Aquaculture, 23: 355-359. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(81)90028-4

Ji, S.C., Takaoka, O., Jeong, G.S., Lee, S.W., Ishimaru, K., Seoka, M. and Takii, K. 2007. Dietary medicinal herbs improve growth and some non-specific immunity of red sea bream Pagrus major. Fisheries Science, 73: 63-69. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01302.x

Jian, J. and Wu, Z. 2003. Effects of traditional Chinese medicine on nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Aquaculture, 218: 1-9. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00192-8

Johnson, M.R. and Ainsworth, A.J. 1992. The effect of a megadose level of ascorbic acid on anterior kidney neutrophil response of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). J. of Aquatic Animal Health, 3: 266-273. doi: 10.1577/1548-8667(1991)003%3c0266:aedloa%3e2.3.co2

Kunitz, M. 1947. Crystalline soybean trypsin inhibitor II. General properties. Journal of General Physiology, 30: 291-310. doi: 10.1085/jgp.30.4.291

Mayes, P.A. 1990. Nutrition. R.K. Murray, D.K. Graner, P.A. Mayes and V.W. Rodwell (Eds.), Harper’s Biochemistry 22nd Ed., Prentice Hall International Inc., USA: 571-579.

Misra, C.K., Das, B.K., Mukherjee, S.C. and Pradhan, J. 2007. Effects of dietary vitamin C on immunity, growth and survival of Indian major carp Labeo rohita, fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition, 13: 35–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00451.x

Ortuno, J., Esteban, M.A. and Megeguer, J. 1999. Effect of high dietary intake of vitamin C on non-specific immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 9: 429-443. doi: 10.1006/fsim.1998.0201

Pradhan, P.K., Mohan, C.V. Shankar, K.M. and Kumar, B.M. 2008. Inflammatory response in Indian major carp, Catla catla and barb, Puntius cauveriensis, to Aphanomyces invadans and Freund’s Complete Adjuvant. Asian Fisheries Science, 21: 385-394.

Pratheepa, V., Ramesh S. and Sukumaran, N. 2010. Immunomodulatory effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio infected by bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48: 1224-1239. doi: 10.3109/13880201003713598

Rao, Y.V., Das, B.K., Jyotyrmayee P. and Chakrabarti, R. 2006. Effect of Achyranthes aspera on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 20: 263-273. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.04.006

Rick, W. and Stegbaurer, H.P. 1974. Alpha amylase measurement of reducing groups. In: H.V. Bergmeyer (Ed.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York: 885-889.

Sahoo, P.K. and Mukherjee, S.C. 2003. Immunomodulation by vitamin C in healthy and aflatoxin B1 induced immunocompromised rohu (Labeo rohita). Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 26: 65-76. doi: 10.1016/S0147-9571(01)00038-8

Sahu, S., Das, B.K., Pradhan, J., Mohapatra, B.C., Mishra B.K. and Sarangi, A. 2007. Effect of Magnifera indica kernel as a feed additive on immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 23: 109-118.

Sakai, M. 1999. Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture, 172: 63-92. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00436-0

Shobana, K.S. 1997. Modulatory effects of vitamin C on the disease resistance mechanism of Indian major carps. PhD thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Shobana, K.S., Mohan, C.V. and Shankar, K.M. 2002. Effect of dietary vitamin C on the inflammatory response of mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) to Fruend’s complete adjuvant. Journal of Fish Diseases, 25: 179-184.

Siwicki, A.K., Morand, M., Terech-Majewska, E., Niemczuk, W., Kazuń, K. and Glabski, E. 1998. Influence of immunostimulants on the effectiveness of vaccines in fish: in vitro and in vivo study. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 14: 225-227. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb00646.x

Tewary, A. and Patra, B.C. 2008. Use of vitamin C as an immunostimulant. Effect on growth, nutritional quality and immune response of Labeo rohita (Ham). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34: 251-259. doi: 10.1007/s10695-007-9184-z

Venkatalakshmi, S. and Michael, R.D. 2001. Immunostimulation by leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics, 16: 1-10.

Zar, J.H. 2009. Biostatistical Analysis 5th Ed. Prentice Hall International Inc., USA. 960 pp.
Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences-Cover
  • ISSN: 1303-2712
  • Yayın Aralığı: 12
  • Başlangıç: 2015
  • Yayıncı: Su Ürünleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü - Trabzon
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Effects of partial replacement of fish meal by soybean meal on growth of juvenile saddled bream (Sparidae)

Nenad ANTOLOVIC, Valter KOZUL, Mara ANTOLOVIC, Jaksa BOLOTIN

Comparison of reproduction characteristics and broodstock mortality in farmed and wild eurasian perch (perca fluviatilis L.) females during spawning season under controlled conditions

Jiri Kristan, Vlastimil STEJSKAL, Tomas POLİCAR

Effects of water temperature and post-feeding period on postprandial ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption by larval Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) fed rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis)

Jinhwan LEE, Dae Won PARK, In Seok PARK, Sung Hwoan CHO

Diet composition and digestive enzymes activity in carnivorous fishes inhabiting mudflats of indian sundarban estuaries

Atreyee CHAUDHURI, Sudeshna MUKHERJEE, Sumit HOMECHAUDHURI

A rare pelagic cephalopod Ocythoe tuberculata (Octopoda: Argonautoidea): The record fecundity for Octopoda and new data on morphometry

MEHMET ALP SALMAN, Meryem AKALİN

The effects of different dosage of Kefir with different durations on growth performances and antioxidant system in the blood and liver tissues of Çoruh trout (Salmo coruhensis)

ERKAN CAN, İLKER ZEKİ KURTOĞLU, FULYA BENZER, MİNE ERİŞİR, MEHMET KOCABAŞ, VOLKAN KIZAK, Murathan KAYIM, Hüseyin Tuğrul ÇELİK

Use of dietary Pelargonium sidoides extract to improve growth and body composition of narrow-clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 juveniles

FUNDA TURAN, YAVUZ MAZLUM, YASEMİN BİRCAN YILDIRIM, Armağan GEZER

Extinct endemic fishes of Turkey: Alburnus akili (Gövce) and Pseudophoxinus handlirschi (Kavinne) (Pisces: Cyprinidae)

FAHRETTİN KÜÇÜK

Fishery characteristics and population dynamics of Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus from Arabian Sea, sultanate of Oman

Sahar fahmy MEHANNA, Juma Al MAMARY, Lubna Al KHARUSI

Effects of phosalone on mineral contents and spinal deformities in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.1758)

Ekrem Şanver ÇELİK, Hasan KAYA, SEVDAN YILMAZ