Ekmeklik ve Makarnalık Buğdaylara Uygulanan Çinko Dozlarının Kadmiyum Alımına Etkisi

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yüksek Cd konsantrasyonuna sahip toprağa çinko (Zn) uygulamaları ile ekmeklik ve makarnalık buğdayın Cd alımına olan etkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışma sera koşullarında Zn noksanlığına sahip kireç içeriği yüksek bir toprakta tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemede Cd uygulamaları 0 (Cd 0) ve 10 (Cd10) mg kg -1 Cd dozlarında uygulanmıştır. Çinko uygulamaları ise topraktan 0 (Zn 0) ve 10 (Zn 10) mg kg -1 Zn ile toprak + yapraktan (Zn10+3Y; Zn10+8Y) olacak şekilde yapılmıştır. Yapraktan Zn uygulamalarına sapa kalkma döneminde başlanmış ve haftada 1 defa olmak üzere 3 ve 8 defa yapraktan %0,1 dozunda ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O uygulaması yapılmıştır. Bitkiler tane olgunluk döneminde hasat edilmiş ve tanelerde Zn ve Cd konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlardan topraktan ve toprak+yapraktan Zn uygulamaları ile ekmeklik ve makarnalık buğdayların tane Zn konsantrasyonlarında önemli artışların olduğu görülmüştür. Toprağa Cd uygulaması ile Karacadağ çeşidine göre Harran-95 çeşidinin tanesinde daha fazla Cd birikimi olduğu görülmüştür. Karacadağ çeşidinin kontrol koşullarında 31 μg kg -1 olan Cd konsantrasyonu, Cd 10 koşullarında 3.616 μg kg -1 ’e, Harran çeşidinin ise 70 μg kg -1 tane Cd konsantrasyonu Cd10 koşullarında 8.434 μg kg -1 ’e yükseldiği görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, toprak, toprak + yapraktan Zn uygulamaları, makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinin tane Cd konsantrasyonlarını önemli ölçüde azaltmıştır. Haran-95 çeşidinin Cd 10 koşullarında 8.434 μg kg -1 olan tane Cd konsantrasyonu, Zn10 koşullarında 6.464 μg kg -1 ’a, Zn10+3Y koşullarında 7.932 μg kg -1 ’a, Zn10+8Y koşullarında ise 6.745 μg kg -1 ’a düşmüştür. Sonuçlardan makarnalık buğday çeşidinin ekmeklik buğday çeşidine göre topraktan daha fazla Cd aldığı görülmüştür. Bunun yanında topraktan ve yapraktan Zn uygulamaları ile makarnalık buğday çeşidinin Cd alımında daha fazla azalma olduğu görülmüştür.

The Effect of Zinc Application Doses to Bread and Durum Wheat on Cadmium Uptake

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc application on Cd uptake of bread (Karacadağ) and durum (Harran-95) wheat growing in high Cd concentrations. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in Zn-deficient calcareous soil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replicates. In the experiment, Cd was applied 0 (Cd0) and 10 (Cd10) mg kg -1 . The Zn application was 10 mg kg -1 Zn (soil+leaf) (10 mg kg -1 Zn + 3 applications from leaf; 10 mg kg -1 Zn + 8 applications from leaf). The Zn application was started at the end of the tillering stage in ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O form at 0.1% dose as 3 (3F) and 8 (8F) times of leaf application per a week. The plants were harvested at grain maturity stage and the Cd and Zn concentrations of grains were determined. The results revealed that Zn concentrations of both bread and durum wheat varieties were significantly increased with the soil Zn and soil+leaf Zn applications. The Cd accumulation in Harran-95 variety with soil Cd treatment was higher than that of Karacadağ variety. The Cd concentration (31 μg kg -1 ) in the control conditions of Karacadağ varieties increased to 3.616 μg kg -1 in Cd 10 conditions, which was 70 μg kg -1 in control conditions of Harran variety and increased to 8.434 μg kg -1 in Cd10 conditions. However, soil and leaf Zn applications have significantly reduced the grain Cd concentrations of durum wheat variety. Cadmium concentration in Harran-95 cultivar at Cd10 dose was 8.434 μg kg -1 before addition of Zn, and it was decreased to 6.464 μg kg -1 , to 7.932 μg kg -1 and to 6.745 μg kg -1 with Zn10, Zn10+3Y and Zn10+8Y applications, respectively. The results showed that the durum wheat variety removed higher Cd than the bread wheat variety. In addition, the decrease in grain Cd concentrations was the highest in durum wheat variety with the soil and leaf Zn applications.

PDF

___

Alloway BJ. 2004. Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition. International Zinc Association Communications. IZA Publications, Brussels.
Cakmak I, Marschner H. 1988. Increase in membrane permeability and exudation in roots of zinc deficient plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 132(3): 356-361.
Cakmak I, Welch RM, Erenoglu B, Römheld V, Norvell WA, Kochian LV. 2000. Influence of varied zinc supply on re- translocation of cadmium (109Cd) and rubidium (86Rb) applied on mature leaf of durum wheat seedlings. Plant and Soil, 219(1-2): 279-284.
Clarke JM, Norvell WA, Clarke FR, Buckley WT. 2002. Concentration of cadmium and other elements in the grain of nearisogenic durum lines. Can. J. Plant Sci. 82: 27-33.
Doumett S, Lamperi L, Checchini L, Azzarello E, Mugnai S, Mancuso S, Petruzzelli G, Del Bubba M. 2008. Heavy metal distribution between contaminated soil and Paulownia tomentosa, in a pilot-scale assisted phytoremediation study: Influence of different complexing agents. Chemosphere, 72: 1481-1490.
Erdem, H., Tosun, Y.K. and Öztürk, M., 2012. Effect of cadmium zinc interactions on growth and Cd-Zn concentration in durum and bread wheats. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Vol. 21(5): 1046-1051.
Friberg L. 2018. Cadmium in the Environment. CRC press. Grant CA, Buckley WT, Bailey LD, Selles F. 1998. Cadmium accumulation in crops. Can. J. Plant Sci. 78: 1-17.
Harris NS, Taylor GJ. 2001. Remobilization of cadmium in maturing shoots of near isogenic lines of durum wheat that differ in grain cadmium accumulation. Journal of Experimental Botany, 52(360): 1473-1481.
Hart JJ, Welch RM, Norvell WA, Kochian LV. 2002. Transport interactions between cadmium and zinc in roots of bread and durum wheat seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum, 116(1): 73-78.
Kaçar B, İnal A. 2008. Bitki analizleri. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Köleli N, Eker S, Cakmak I. 2004. Effect of zinc fertilization on cadmium toxicity in durum and bread wheat grown in zinc- deficient soil. Environ. Pollut.,131: 453–459.
Li YM, Chaney RL, Schneiter AA, Miller J F, Elias EM, Hammond JJ. 1997. Screening for low grain cadmium phenotypes in sunflower, durum wheat and flax. Euphytica, 94(1): 23-30.
Li Z, Ma Z, van der Kuijp TJ, Yuan Z, Huang L. 2014. A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk assessment. Science of the total environment, 468: 843-853.
McLaughlin MJ, Williams CMJ, McKay AJKG, Kirkham RJKG, Gunton JJKG, Jackson K J, Tiller KG. 1994. Effect of cultivar on uptake of cadmium by potato tubers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 45(7): 1483- 1495.
McLaughlin MJ, Maier NA, Freeman K, Tiller KG, Williams CMJ, Smart MK. 1995. Effect of potassic and phosphatic fertilizer type, fertilizer Cd concentration and zinc rate on cadmium uptake by potatoes. Fertilizer research, 40(1): 63- 70.
McLaughlin MJ, Parker DR, Clarke JM. 1998. Metals and micronutrients: food safety issues. Field Crops Res. 60: 143- 163.
Mengel K, Kirkby, EA. 2001. Principles of plant nutrition. Principles of plant nutrition.5th edition. ISBN 1-4020-0008- 1.
Neilson JW, Artiola JF, Maier RM. 2003. Characterization of lead removal from contaminatedsoils by non toxic washing agents. Journal ofEnvironmenal Quality 32: 899-908.
Nouri J, Khorasani N, Lorestani B, Karami M, Hassani AH, Yousefi, N. 2009. Accumulation of heavymetals in soil and uptake by plant species withphytoremediation otential. Environmental EarthScience 59(2): 315-323
Oliver DP, Hannam R, Tiller KG, Wilhelm NS, Merry RH, Cozens GD. 1994. The effects of zinc fertilization on cadmium concentration in wheat grain. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23(4): 705-711.
Özturk L, Karanlik S, Özkutlu F, Cakmak I, Kochian LV. 2003. Shoot biomass and zinc/cadmium uptake for hyperaccumulator and non-accumulator Thlaspi species in response to growth on a zinc-deficient calcareous soil. Plant Science, 164(6): 1095-1101.
Page AL, Bingham FT, Chang AC. 1981. Effect of heavy metal pollution on plants. Appl. Sci. London, 1, 72-109.
Qaswar M, Hussain S, Rengel Z. 2017. Zinc fertilisation increases grain zinc and reduces grain lead and cadmium concentrations more in zinc-biofortified than standard wheat cultivar. Science of The Total Environment, 605: 454-460. Sillanpaa M. 1982. Micronutrient and the nutrient status of soils. A global study. FAO Soils Bulletin, No.48, ROME.
Wang L, Cui X, Cheng H, Chen F, Wang J, Zhao X, Pu X. 2015. A review of soil cadmium contamination in China including a health risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(21): 16441-16452.
Williams CH, David DJ. 1976. The accumulation in soil of cadmium residues from phosphate fertilizers and their effect on the cadmium content of plants. Soil Science, 121(2): 86-93.
Yost KJ, Miles LJ. 1979. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A. 14: 285-311.
Zhu YG, Zhao ZQ, Li HY, Smith SE, Smith FA. 2003. Effect of zinc-cadmium interactions on the uptake of zinc and cadmium by winter wheat (triticum aestivum) grown in pot culture. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71: 1289-1296.