Exosomes, also called exosome vesicles (EcVs), contain DNA, RNA (including mRNA, miRNA, and ncRNA), proteins, lipid layer molecules, metabolic enzymes, signal transduction molecules, and other components and are produced in the endosomes of almost all cells, tissues, and body fluids. As exosomal cargoes, they play key roles in signaling pathways, immune regulation, cellular development, carcinogenesis, and homeostasis, providing a potential portal for cell-free drug delivery systems. Exosomal components that vary from cell-to-cell and organ-to-organ, are used to evaluate a biological response. Thus, the variation in the exosomal components makes them promising candidates for biomarkers for cancer detection and diagnosis. Moreover, the recent advances in medicine have revealed that exosomes are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and transporting drugs. A growing number of studies have been conducted to understand the therapeutic potential of exosomes in cancer. Because exosomes alter the local and systemic environment for cancer cell development, inhibiting their release is an important treatment strategy. In addition to the targeted use of exosomes, there are also treatment approaches in cancer therapy in which exosomes are used directly for therapeutic purposes. However, previous studies show that exosomebased therapy is very promising. Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine unique biomarkers for clinical application. Therefore, the emerging therapeutic and regulatory potentials of exosomes in the field of cancer research are highlighted through a comprehensive literature review.

Exosomes, also called exosome vesicles (EcVs), contain DNA, RNA (including mRNA, miRNA, and ncRNA), proteins, lipid layer molecules, metabolic enzymes, signal transduction molecules, and other components and are produced in the endosomes of almost all cells, tissues, and body fluids. As exosomal cargoes, they play key roles in signaling pathways, immune regulation, cellular development, carcinogenesis, and homeostasis, providing a potential portal for cell-free drug delivery systems. Exosomal components that vary from cell-to-cell and organ-to-organ, are used to evaluate a biological response. Thus, the variation in the exosomal components makes them promising candidates for biomarkers for cancer detection and diagnosis. Moreover, the recent advances in medicine have revealed that exosomes are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and transporting drugs. A growing number of studies have been conducted to understand the therapeutic potential of exosomes in cancer. Because exosomes alter the local and systemic environment for cancer cell development, inhibiting their release is an important treatment strategy. In addition to the targeted use of exosomes, there are also treatment approaches in cancer therapy in which exosomes are used directly for therapeutic purposes. However, previous studies show that exosomebased therapy is very promising. Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine unique biomarkers for clinical application. Therefore, the emerging therapeutic and regulatory potentials of exosomes in the field of cancer research are highlighted through a comprehensive literature review.