Elif GENÇ, Uğur YANAR

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Avanos-Akarca’dan Bir Eski Suriye Dönemi Steli

2014 yılında, Nevşehir ilinin Avanos ilçesine bağlı Akarca köyü yakınlarında köylüler tarafından su çıkarmak amacıyla kazı yapılırken üzeri kabartmalı bir taş bulunmuştur. Tepesi yuvarlak ve dört yüzü düz olan kabartmalı taş, bazalttan bir stelin üst parçasına aittir. Stelin dört yüzüne ve yuvarlak tepesine alçak kabartma tekniği ile figürler işlenmiştir. Figürlerin oluşturduğu ana tema dini içeriklidir ve bunlar kült/ritüel ve ilahi/mitolojik sahneleri yansıtmaktadır. Stelin ön yüzüne (a) sunum sahnesi, sağ yan yüzüne (b) Kanatlı Tanrı ve tapan, arka yüzüne (c) üç katılımcıdan oluşan sunu masalı ziyafet sahnesi, sol yan yüzüne (d) dağların üstünde duran ve boğanın yularını tutan Fırtına Tanrısı ile tanrıça/rahibe, tepesine (e) dağ sıraları betimlenmiştir. Avanos-Akarca stelinde betimlenen figürlerin üslup ve ikonografik özellikleri Anadolu’ya yabancıdır ve Eski Suriye dönemi figüratif sanatın özelliklerini yansıtmaktadır. Stelin kökenini ve tarihini aydınlatabilecek figürlerden biri ön yüzde yer alan (a) önü sivri çıkıntılı başlıklı krali figürdür. Söz konusu krali figürünün benzerleri Kültepe-Kaniş Karum II. katta, Hamam et-Turkman’da ve Louvre Müzesi koleksiyonunda bulunan Suriye Kapadokya/Eski Suriye koloni üsluplu silindir mühür ve baskılarında ve yine onlarla çağdaş Tell Mardık-Ebla’da bazalt kült tekneleri ve Byblos’ta altın plaka üzerinde görülmektedir. Avanos-Akarca steli krali figürü ile Kültepe, Ebla, Byblos, Hammam et-Turkman figürleri arasında yakın bir ilişki olmalıdır. Söz konusu figürler, Kültepe mühürlerinde kral ve tanrı, Ebla kült teknelerinde kral, Biblos altın plakada tanrı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu örnekler hem tapan hem de tapılan olarak tasvir edilen sivri çıkıntılı başlığa sahip figürlerin üstlendiği rollerin yer değiştirebileceğini göstermektedir. Avanos-Akarca steli krali figüre iki ölümlü tarafından sunu yapılarak onun tanrısallık rolü ön plana çıkartılmıştır. Stel muhtemelen ön yüzdeki tanrısallaşmış krala adanmış olmalıdır. Taşın her dört yüzüne işlenen kült/ ritüel ve ilahi/mitolojik sahneler, tanrısallaşmış kral adına düzenlenen ve krallığın devamlılığının ilahi varlıklarla desteklendiği ziyafetli bir kült eylemine ışık tutuyor olmalıdır. Stel, Eski Suriye döneminin karmaşık kült eylemlerini yansıtan kabartmalı figüratif sanat eserlerinden biridir. Ebla’nın erken/klasik Eski Suriye dönemi kabartmalı taş eserleri ile konu ve üslup özellikleri bakımından yakın benzerliği nedeniyle stel Orta Tunç Çağı I ve II başına yaklaşık MÖ 1900-1750 yıllarına ait olmalıdır. Avanos-Akarca steli, son yıllarda ele geçen Harput kabartması gibi, Anadolu’da bulunan Orta Tunç Çağı’nın az sayıdaki kabartmalı taş eserlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada, stelin üzerine işlenen figürlerin üslup ve ikonografik özellikleri irdelenirken, figüratif motiflerinin oluşturduğu tema ile ilişkili kült eylemlerine ve stelin kime adandığına cevap aranmış, Anadolu’ya nereden ve nasıl geldiği konusunda bazı olasılıklar üzerinde durulmuştur.

AN OLD SYRIAN PERIOD STELE FROM AVANOS-AKARCA, ANATOLIA

In 2014, a stele decorated with reliefs was found during an excavation undertakenby the villagers searching for water near the village of Akarca in the Avanos districtwhich belongs to the province Nevşehir. The stele has a rounded top, four flat sidesand belongs to the upper part of a larger (now missing) stele made from basalt. Figureswere engraved in low relief technique on four sides of the stele and on the rounded top.The main theme the figures depict is religious; they reflect cultic/ritualistic and divine/mythological scenes. A presentation scene is depicted on the observe of the stele (a), awinged deity and a worshipper on the right side (b), a banquet scene with an offeringtable involving three participants on the reverse (c), a storm god standing on top of themountains and holding the halter of a bull as well as a goddess/priestess on the left side(d) and a mountain chain on the top (e).The style and iconographic features of the figures depicted on the Avanos-Akarcastele are foreign to the Anatolian region and reflect the characteristics of Old Syrianfigurative art. One of the figures that illuminates the origin and history of the steleis the royal figure with a peaked cap on the front side of the stele (a). Similar figuresoccur on Syro-Cappadocian/Old Syrian colony style cylinder seals and seal impressionsthat were found at Kültepe-Kanesh Karum level II, and at Hammam et-Turkman;unprovenanced examples are in the Louvre Museum collection. Such figures from thesame era also occur on basalt cult basins from Tell Mardikh-Ebla and on the gold plaquefrom Byblos. There must be a close relationship between the Avanos-Akarca stele royalfigure and the Kültepe, Ebla, Byblos and Hammam et-Turkman figures. The figures inquestion were defined as a king and a god on the Kültepe seals, on the Ebla cult basins,and on the Byblos gold plaque. These examples show that the roles assumed by thefigure with a peaked cap, depicted both as a worshipper and worshipped can change.The divine role of the royal figure on the Avanos-Akarca stele was emphasized by twomortals in the act of giving offerings. The stele must have been dedicated to a deifiedking. The cultic/ritualistic and divine/mythological scenes engraved on all four sides ofthe stone shed light on a cultic act with a banquet, organized in the name of the deifiedking in which the continuity of the kingdom is ensured by divine beings. The stele isan example of the figurative artworks in relief reflecting the complex cultic actionsof the Old Syrian period. The stele belongs to the Middle Bronze Age I and II around1900–1750 BC due to the close similarity with the early/Classical Old Syrian period stone relief examples from Ebla in terms of subject matter and stylistic features.The Avanos-Akarca stele is one of the few stone relief pieces from the MiddleBronze Age discovered in Anatolia, like the Harput relief1 uncovered in recent years.In this study, while the stylistic and iconographic characteristics of the figures on thestele are examined, answers are sought to questions like who the stele belongs to or thereasons of the cult actions related to the themes formed by the figurative motifs. Somepossibilities are discussed about where and how the stele came to central Anatolia.
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OLBA-Cover
  • ISSN: 1301-7667
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yıllık
  • Başlangıç: 1998
  • Yayıncı: Kilikia Arkeolojisini Araştırma Merkezi
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