Etçi Piliçlerde Damızlık Yaşı ve Erken Dönem Enerji Kısıtlamasının Mide - Bağırsak Kanalı Gelişimine Etkileri
Bu araştırma etçi piliçlerde damızlık yaşı ve erken dönem enerji kısıtlamasının mide–bağırsak kanalı gelişimine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada iki farklı yaştaki damızlık sürülerden (27 ve 60 hafta) elde edilen toplam 120 adet erkek etçi civciv kullanılmıştır. Her bir damızlık yaşı grubu rastgele iki diyet grubuna (C – kontrol grubu, E – enerji kısıtlaması grubu) bölünmüştür. Genç damızlıklardan elde edilen 21 günlük etçi piliçlerde bezli mide (P < 0,05), duodenum (P < 0,001), ileum (P < 0,01) ve toplam ince bağırsak relatif ağırlığı, yaşlı damızlıklardan elde edilen etçi piliçlere göre yüksek olmuştur (P < 0,001). Besi periyodu sonunda, enerji kısıtlaması grubundaki etçi piliçlerde relatif ince bağırsak ağırlığı ve ince bağırsak uzunluğu, kontrol grubuna göre yüksek (P < 0,05; P < 0,01) bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, etçi piliçlerin sindirim sisteminin erken dönem enerji kısıtlamasına duyarlı olduğu ve erken dönem enerji kısıtlamasına adaptasyon sürecinin, relatif bezli mide ağırlığını azalttığı, relatif ince bağırsak ağırlığı ile ince bağırsak uzunluğunun ise artmasına neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Effects of Breeder Age and Early Feed Energy Restriction on Development of Gastrointestinal Tract in Broilers
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of breeder age and early feed energy restriction on development of gastrointestinal tract in broilers. One hundred twenty day-old male broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery of different breeder ages (27 and 60 wk). Each breeder group was randomly divided into two diet groups, which included control (C) and restricted energy (E) groups. Relative proventriculus (P < 0.05), duodenum (P < 0.001), ileum (P < 0.01) and total relative small intestinal weight of broilers obtained from young breeders was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those obtained from old breeders at 21 days of age. The total small intestinal relative weight and total the small intestine length of broilers in the feed energy restriction group were found significantly higher (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) than the control group at the end of the fattening period. In conclusion, gastrointestinal tract development of broilers is susceptible to energy restriction at early growth period and adaptation of restricted energy diet decreased the proventriculus relative weight and increased the total relative weight and the total length of the small intestine.
___
- AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC
International. AOAC International, 17th ed.
2000; Rockville, MD, USA.
- Akiba Y, Murakami H. Partitioning of energy
and protein during early growth of broiler
chicks and contribution of vitelline residue,
In: Proceedings of the 10th European
Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Antalya,
Turkey, WPSA. 1995; pp. 44-52.
- Atasoy F, Yakan A, Uğurlu M, Ünal N, Aksu
T, Cengiz S. Carcass composition, meat
quality and antibody levels in male and
female broiler chickens reared on low dietary
protein. Vet J Ankara Univ. 2010; 57: 49-54.
- Carpenter KJ, Clegg KM. The metabolizable
energy of poultry feedingstuffs in relation to
their chemical composition. J Sci Food
Agric. 1956; 7: 45-51.
- Dawson B, Trap R. Basic and clinical biostatistics.
Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 3rd ed.
2001; New York, USA.
- Dibner JJ, Richards JD. The digestive system:
Challenges and opportunities. J Appl Poult
Res. 2004; 13: 86-93.
- Iji PA, Saki A, Tivey DR. Body and intestinal
growth of broiler chicks on a commercial
starter diet. I. ıntestinal weight and mucosal
development. Brit Poult Sci. 2001; 42: 505-
513.
- Karasawa Y. Significant role of the nitrogen
recycling system through the ceca occurs in
protein-depleted chickens. J Exp Zool. 1999;
283: 418-425.
- Leeson S, Caston L, Summers JD. Broiler
response to energy or energy and protein
dilution in the finisher diet. Poult Sci. 1996;
75: 522-528.
- Lilja C. A comparative study of postnatal growth
and organ development in some species of
birds. Growth. 1983; 47: 317-339.
- Mahmoud KZ, Edens FW. Breeder age affects
small intestine development of broiler chicks
with immediate or delayed access to feed.
Brit Poult Sci. 2012; 53: 32-41.
- Noy Y, Sklan D. Yolk utilisation in the newly
hatched poult. Brit Poult Sci. 1998; 39: 446-451.
- Noy Y, Geyra A, Sklan D. The effect of early
feeding on growth and small intestinal
development in the posthatch poult. Poult
Sci. 2001; 80: 912-919.
- NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National
Academy Press, 9th rev. ed. 1994;
Washington, DC, USA.
- Olver MD. Effect of restricted feeding during the
rearing period and a "forced moult" at 40
weeks of production on the productivy of
Pekin breeder ducks. Brit Poult Sci. 1995;
36: 737-746.
- Picard M, Siegel PB, Letterrier C, Geraert PA.
Diluted starter diet, growth performance,
and digestive tract development in fast-and
slow-growing broilers. J Appl Poult Res.
1999; 8: 122-131.
- Pinchasov J, Noy Y. Early postnatal amylolysis in
the gastrointestinal tract of turkey poults
(Meleagris gallopavo). Comp Biochem
Physiol. 1993; 106: 221-225.
- Samanya M, Yamauchi K. Morphological
changes of the intestinal villi in chickens fed
the dietary charcoal powder including wood
vinegar compounds. J Poult Sci. 2001; 38:
289-301.
- Schaefer CM, Corsiglia CM, Mireles A,
Koutsos EA. Turkey breeder hen age
affects growth and systemic and intestinal
inflammatory responses in female poults
examined at different ages posthatch. Poult
Sci. 2006; 85: 1755-1763.
- Sell JL, Angel CR, Piquer FJ, Mallarino EG, Al-
Batshan HA. Developmental patterns of
selected characteristics of the gastrointestinal
tract of young turkeys. Poult Sci. 1991; 70:
1200-1205.
- Shamoto K, Yamauchi K. Recovery responses of
chick intestinal villus morphology to
different refeeding procedures. Poult Sci.
2000; 79: 718-723.
- Shanaway MM. Body weight in relation to the
development of the gastrointestinal tract in
broilers. Arch Geflügelk. 1994; 58: 66-68.
- Sklan D. Development of the digestive tract of
poultry. World Poultry Sci J. 2001; 57: 415-
428.
- Sklan D. Early nutrition and its effect on lifelong
productivity in poultry, In: Conference
Proceedings of the Recent Advances in
Animal Nutrition (RAAN), 2003; pp: 75-79.
- Sklan D, Noy Y. Hydrolysis and absorption in the
small intestines of posthatch chicks. Poult
Sci. 2000; 76: 1306-1310.
- SPSS. Statistical Package in Social Science for
Windows. Statistical Innovations Inc. 2001.
(Serial
Number 9869264).
- Uni Z, Geyra A, Ben-Hur H, Sklan D. Small
intestinal development in the young chick:
Crypt formation and entero-cyte
proliferation and migration. Brit Poult Sci.
2000; 41: 544-551.
- Uni Z, Noy Y, Sklan D. Developmental
parameters of the small intestines in heavy
and light strain chicks preand post-hatch.
Brit Poult Sci. 1996; 36: 63-71.
- Uni Z, Tako E, Gal-Garber O. Morphological,
molecular and functional changes in the
chicken small intestine of the late-term
embryo. Poult Sci. 2003; 82: 1747-1754.
- Yadgary L, Cahaner A, Kedar O, Uni Z. Yolk
sac nutrient composition and fat uptake in
late-term embryos in eggs from young and
old broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci. 2010; 89:
2441-2452.
- Yalçın S, İzzetoglu GT, Aktaş A. Effects of
breeder age and egg weight on
morphological changes in the small intestine
of chicks during the hatch window. Brit
Poult Sci. 2013; 54: 810-817.
- Yalçın S, Gürsel I, Bilgen G, Horuluoğlu BH,
Güçlüer G, İzzetoglu G. Effect of egg
storage duration and brooding temparatures
on chick growth, intestine morphology and
nutrient transporters. Animal. 2017; pp. 1-7.
doi: 10.1017/S175173111500261X.
- Yamauchi K, Yamamoto K, Isshiki Y.
Morphological alterations of the intestinal
villi and absorptive epithelial cells in each
intetinal part in fasted chickens. Japanese
Poult Sci. 1995; 32: 214-251.
- Yang H, Yang Z, Wang Z, Wang W, Huang K.
Effects of early energy and protein dilution
on growth performance, nutrient utilization
and internal organs of broilers. Ital J Anim
Sci. 2015; 14: 163-171.
- Zaefarian F, Abdollahi MR, Ravindran V.
Particle size and feed form in broiler diets:
Impact on gastrointestinal tract development
and gut health. Worlds Poult Sci J. 2016; 72:
277-290.