Md Amzad HOSSAİN, Yahya Bin Abdullah ALRASHDİ, Salem Al TOUBY

A review on essential oil analyses and biological activities of the traditionally used medicinal plant Thymus vulgaris L

Since the old times, seeds producing plants have played a vital role in the progress of human culture to treat diseases. Medicinal plants are used traditionally by the local communities to treat diseases. Recently, a report has shown that more than 250,000 flowering plant species are available globally. Scientists are continuously working on higher plants to help and understand plant poisonousness and to defend humans and animals from natural toxins. A plant`s toxicity and its medical use are dependent on the plant’s volatile phytochemicals. Thymus vulgaris L is a common aromatic plant used widely as a folk medicine to treat various diseases by different ethnic communities around the globe including the Sultanate of Oman. Previous studies in Oman showed that the selected plant species contains several groups of phytochemicals such as essential oils and secondary metabolic compounds they can enhance their biological and toxicological activities. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to explore the volatile phytochemicals, biological and toxicological features of Thymus vulgaris grown in Oman. The results can be helpful for discovering new drugs to treat asthma, cough, chronic bronchitis and other infectious diseases. In conclusion, this review provides information on the volatile phytochemicals, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of the selected plant species.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Thymus vulgaris, Medicinal uses, Phytochemicals, Pharmacological, Toxicological activity, Sultanate Oman

A review on essential oil analyses and biological activities of the traditionally used medicinal plant Thymus vulgaris L

Keywords:

Thymus vulgaris L, Medicinal uses, Phytochemicals, Pharmacological, Toxicological activity, Sultanate Oman,

PDF

___

Ait M'barek, L., Ait Mouse, H., Jaâfari, A., Aboufatima, R., Benharref, A., Kamal, M., Bénard. J., El Abbadi, N., Bensalah, M., Gamouh, A., Chait, A., Dalal, A., Zyad, A. (2007). Cytotoxic effect of essential oil of thyme (Thymus broussonettii) on the IGR-OV1 tumor cells resistant to chemotherapy. Brazil. J. Med. Res., 40, 1537– 1544.
Akhtar, M.A., Mir, S.R., Sadri, A.S., Hossain, M.A., Ali, M. (2021). Extraction, isolation and structural characterization of two triterpenoid glycosides from the fruits of Ficus bengalensis. Carbohyd. Res., 510, 108444.
Al Hashmi, L.S., Hossain, M.A., Weli, M.A., Al-Riyami, Q., Al-Sabahi, J.N. (2013). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of different organic crude extracts from the local medicinal plant of Thymus vulgaris L. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 3(1), 69-73.
Al-Matani, S.K., Wahaibi, R., Hossain, M.A. (2015). In vitro evaluation of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of crude fruits extract with different polarities from Ficus sycomorus. Pac. Sci. Rev. A: Nat. Sci. Eng., 17, 103-108.
Al-Matani, S.K., Wahaibi, R., Hossain, M.A. (2015). Total flavonoids content and antimicrobial activity of crude extract from leaves of Ficus sycomorus native to Sultanate of Oman. Karbala Inter. J. Mod. Sci., 1, 166-171
Aziz, S., Rehman, H. (2008). Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Thymus serpyllum Turk. J. Chem., 32, 605–614.
Cronquist, A. (1988). The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA.
Cruz, T., Cabo, M.P., Cabo, M.M., Jiménez, J., Cabo, J., Ruiz, C. (1989). In vitro antibacterial effect of the essential oil of Thymus longiflorus Boiss Microb., 60. 59–61.
Dob, T., Dahmane, D., Benabdelkader, T., Chelghoum C. (2006). Studies on the essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut, Inter. J. Aroma., 16(2), 95-100.
Farooqi, A.A., Sreeramu, B.S., Srinivasappa, K.N. (2005). Cultivation of Spice Crops, Universities Press, Hyderabad.
Ghasemi A.P. (2009). Medicinal plants used in Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari districts. Iran Herba Pol., 55, 69–75.
Giordiani, R., Hadef, Y., Kaloustina, J. (2008). Compositions and antifungal activities of essential oils of some Algerian aromatic plants. Fitot., 79, 199-203.
Giweli, A.A., Džamic, A.M., Sokovic, M.D., Ristić, M.S., Marin, P.D. (2013). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of Thymus algeriensis wild-growing in Libya. Cent. Europ. J. Bot., 504-511.
Guillen, M.D., Manzanos, M.J. (1998). Study of composition of different parts of a Spanish Thymus vulgaris L. Plant Food Chem., 3, 373–383.
Hossain, M.A., AL-Raqmi, K.A.S., AL-Mijizy, Z.H., Weli, A.M., Al-Riyami, Q. (2013). Study of total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 3(9), 705-710.
Hazzit, M., Baaliouamer, A., Verissimo, A.R., Faleiro, M.L., Miguel, M.G. (2009). Chemical composition and biological activities of Algerian Thymus oils. Food Chem., 116, 714-721.
Hossain, M.A. (2019). A review on Ficus sycomorus: A potential indigenous medicinal plant in Oman. J. King Saud Uni. Sci., 31, 961-965.
Houmania, Z., Azzoudja, S., Naxakis, G., Skoula, M. (2002). The essential oil composition of Algerian Zaâtar: Origanum spp. and Thymus spp. J. Herbs, Spices & Med. Plants, 9(4), 275-280.
Hudaib, M., Speroni, E., Di Pietra, A.M., Cavrini, V. (2002). GC/MS evaluation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) oil composition and variations during the vegetative cycle. J. Pharma. Biomed. Anal., 29(4), 691-700.
Hwang, J.K., Chung, J.Y., Baek, N.I., Park, J.H. (2004). Isopanduratin A from Kaempferia pandurata as an active antibacterial agent against cariogenic Streptoccocus mutans. Inter. J. Antimicrobiol. Agents., 23, 377-378.
Karaman, S., Digrak, M., Ravid, V., Iclim, A. (2001). Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Thymus revolutus Celak from Turkey. J. Ethnopharma., 76(2), 183–186.
Kizil, S., Uyart, F. (2006). Antimicrobial activities of some Thyme (Thymus, Satureja, Origanum and Thymbra) species against important plant pathogens. Asian J. Chem., 18, 1455–1461.
Hossain, M.A., AL-Mijizy, Z.H., Al- Rashdi, K.K., Weli, A.M., Al-Riyami, Q. (2013). Effect of temperature and extraction process on antioxidant activity of various leaves crude extracts of Thymus vulgaris. J. Coastal Life Med., 1(2), 118-122.
Hossain, M.A., Weli, A.M., Ahmed, S.H.I. (2019). Comparison of total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of various crude extracts of Hyoscyamus gallagheri traditionally used for the treatment of epilepsy. Clin. Phytosci., 5, 20-26.
Marino, M., Bersani, C., Comi, G. (1999). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. measured using a bioimpedometric method. J. Food Prot., 62, 1017–1023.
Markovic, T. (2011). Market Study Antioxidants Ceresana Research. Essential oils and their safe use. Institute of Medicinal Plant Research edition, Belgrade, pg. 1-289.
Maryam, H. S. S., Al-Touby, S. S. J., Hossain, M. A. (2022). Isolation, characterization and prediction of biologically active glycoside compounds quercetin-3-rutinoside from the fruits of Ficus sycomorus. Carbohyd. Res., 511, 108483, 2022
Miura, K., Kikuzaki, H., Nakatani, N. (2002). Antioxidant activity of chemical components from sage (Salvia officinalis) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) measured by the oil stability index method. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 1845–1851.
Pina-Vaz, C., Gonçalves, C., Rodrigues, E., Pinto, S., Costa-de-Oliveira, C., Tavares L., Salgueiro, C., Cavaleiro, M.J., Gonçalves, Martinez-de Oliveira, J. (2004). Antifungal activity of Thymus oils and their major compounds. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereo., l18, 73–78.
Naghdi-Badi, H., Yazdani, D., Mohammad Ali, S., Nazari, F. (2004). Effects of spacing and harvesting time on herbage yield and quality/quantity of oil in thyme, Thymus vulgaris L. Ind. Crops Prod., 19, 231–236.
Nickavar, B., Mojab, F., Dolatbadi, R. (2005). Analysis of the essential oils of two Thymus species from Iran. Food Chem., 90, 609–611.
Nikolić, M., Glamočlija, J., Ćirić, A., Perić, T., Marković, D., Stević, T., Soković, M. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of ozone gas and colloidal silver against oral microorganismis. Digest J. Nano. Biostruct., 7(4), 1693–1699.
Ozguven, M., Tansi, S. (1998). Drug yield and essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. as in influenced by ecological and ontogenetical variation. Turk. J. Agri. Forest., 22, 537–542.
Penalver, P., Huerta, B., Borge, C., Astorga, R., Romero, R., Perea, A. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of five essential oils against origin strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand., 113, 1–6.
Pirbalouti A.G., Hashemi, M., Ghahfarokhic, F.T. (2013). Essential oil and chemical compositions of wild and cultivated Thymus daenensis Celak and Thymus vulgaris L. Ind. Crops Prod., 48, 43-48.
Raal, A., Paaver, U., Arak, E., Orav, A. (2004). Content and composition of the essential oil of Thymus serpyllum L. growing wild in Estonia. Med., 40, 795-800.
Rasooli, I, Mirmostafa, S.A. (2002). Antibacterial properties of Thymus pubescens and Thymus serpyllum essential oils. Fitot., 73(3), 244-250.
Reis, F.S., Martins, A., Barros, L., Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2012). Antioxidant properties and phenolic profile of the most widely appreciated cultivated mushrooms: A comparative study between in vivo and in vitro samples. Food Chem. Toxicol., 50, 1201–1207.
Rota, C., Carramiñana, J.J., Burillo, J., Herrera, A. (2004). In vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aromatic plants against selected foodborne pathogens J. Food Prot., 67. 1252–1256.
Soliman, K.M., Badeaa, R.I. (2002). Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigenic fungi Food Chem. Toxicol., 40, 1669–1675.
Stahl-Biskup, E. (1991). The Chemical Composition of Thymus Oils: A Review of the Literature. J. Ess. Oil Res., 3(2), 61-82.
Thompson, J.D., Chalchat, J.C., Michet, A., Linhart, Y.B., Ehlers, B. (2003). Qualitative and quantitative variation in monoterpene co-occurrence and composition in the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris chemotypes. J. Chem. Ecol., 29(4), 859- 880.
Tsukatani, T., Suenaga, M., Shiga, K., Noguchi, M., Ishiyama, T., Ezoe, T., Matsumoto, K. (2012). Comparison of the WST-8 colorimetric method and the CLSI broth microdilution method for susceptibility testing against drug-resistance bacteria. J. Microb. Meth., 90(3), 160–166.
Verma, R.S., Rahman, L., Chanotiya, C.S., Verma, R.K., Singh, A, Yadav, A., Chauhan, A., Yadav, A.K., Singh, A.K. (2009). Essential oil composition of Thymus serpyllum cultivated in the Kumaon region of western Himalaya, India. Nat. Prod. Comm., 4(7), 987-988.
Verma, R.S., Verma, R.K., Chauhan, A., Yadav, A.K. (2011). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Content and Composition of Thyme, Thymus serpyllum L. Cultivated in Uttarakh and Hills. Indian J. Pharmacol. Sci., 73(2), 233-235.
Vichai, V., Kirtikara, K. (2006). Sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay for cytotoxicity screening. Nat. Prot., 1, 1112-1116.
Vukovic-Gacic, B., Simic, D. (1993). Identification of natural antimutagens with modulating effects on DNA repair. Basic Life Science. 61, 269- 277. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1 1999 (Geneva)
Wayne, P.A., Couladis, M., Tzakou, O., Kujundžic, S., Soković, M., Mimica-Dukić, N. (2004). Chemical Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Thymus striatus. Phytoth. Res., 18, 40-42.
Zaidi, M.A., Crow, S.A. (2005). Biologically active traditional medicinal herbs from Balo-chistan. J. Ethnopharmacol., 96, 331-334.